Санкционное давление на экономику России: пути преодоления издержек и выгоды конфронтации в рамках импортозамещения

The sustainable development of the national economy, taking into account the creation of mechanisms for ensuring economic security, technological sovereignty and preventing threats to the localization of import supplies of final and intermediate consumption goods, is one of the priority directions of economic policy in the conditions of systemic restrictions formed under the pressure of sanctions. In this regard, the study of the key externalities generated within the framework of the sanctions confrontation is an extremely popular task, both for science and practice. In this paper, the authors pay attention to both the actualization of the problem posed and an overview of some of the costs and benefits that can be extracted in the new reality for the national economic system of the Russian Federation. The main purpose of the study is to systematize and analyze the key parameters of economic growth in the Russian Federation under the sanctions pressure of the 2022 model and substantiate the policy of intensification of import substitution as a key mechanism for ensuring sustainable development in the medium and long term in the new reality. The subject of the study is the restrictions imposed by a number of Western countries in relation to the Russian economy, the costs they generate and the opportunities for building a new model of economic growth. As the main results of the study, it is necessary to highlight the systematization of sanctions and restrictions imposed on Russia in 2022; identified trends in the formation of key macroeconomic parameters of the Russian economy, revealing the features of labor market development, GDP formation, investment and business activity, etc.; systematization of risks and prospects of economic growth, including the projection of theoretical models of economic dynamics (IS-LM, AD-AS) on the received estimates; identification of the dependence of the national economy of the Russian Federation on the import of technologies and intermediate/final consumption goods, followed by justification and development of a model to stimulate the policy of import substitution within the framework of the activation of NTR.Устойчивое развитие национальной экономики с учетом создания механизмов обеспечения экономической безопасности, технологического суверенитета и предотвращения угроз локализации импортных поставок товаров конечного и промежуточного потребления является одним из приоритетных направлений экономической политики России в условиях сформировавшихся под давлением санкций системных ограничений. В этой связи изучение ключевых экстерналий, порождаемых в рамках санкционного противостояния, является крайне востребованной как для науки, так и для практики задачей. В настоящей работе авторы уделяют внимание как актуализации поставленной проблемы, так и обзору некоторых издержек и выгод, которые могут быть извлечены в условиях новой реальности для национальной экономической системы России. Основной целью исследования является систематизация ключевых параметров экономического роста в России в условиях санкционного давления образца 2022 г. и обоснование политики интенсификации импортозамещения как ключевого механизма обеспечения устойчивого развития в средне- и долгосрочной перспективе в условиях новой реальности. Предметом исследования выступают ограничения со стороны ряда западных стран по отношению к российской экономике, порождаемые ими издержки и возможности для построения новой модели экономического роста. В качестве основных результатов исследова- ния необходимо выделить систематизацию санкций и ограничений, введенных по отношению к России в 2022 г.; идентификацию тенденций в формировании ключевых макроэкономических параметров российской экономики, раскрывающих особенности развития рынка труда, формирования ВВП, инвестиционной и деловой активности и т. п.; систематизацию рисков и перспектив экономического роста, в том числе с проецированием теоретических моделей экономической динамики (IS-LM, AD-AS) на полученные оценки; идентификацию зависимости национальной экономики России от импорта технологий и товаров промежуточного/конечного потребления с последующим обоснованием и разработкой модели стимулирования политики импортозамещения в рамках активизации научно-технической революции (НТР)

The conjugated qualitative and quantitative approximation of water, salt, sulfur, asphaltene and mechanical ingredients of oil-containing systems interrelation

A wide variety of production technologies and the variability of the properties of oil-containing systemscause need for their preliminary preparation. In preparing the oils in the near future it is appropriate to give preference to a combination of new technologies with chemicals, which do not require major changes to the equipment and infrastructure of the oil production fields. A systematic approach involves simultaneous consideration of the studied object as a whole, and its constituent parts individually using the principle of differentiation and integration of the phenomena. For oil-containing systems those are the functions of interphase and intraphase of physical, physicochemical and chemical interactions: the structural and group composition, natural and forced association and dissociation of these factors, as well as the resulting viscosity, interphase tension, heat capacity, density and temperatures of phase polymorphic transformation. Initial oil is significantly different from the oil extracted in the development and exploitation of the deposit. The differences are due to injection into the oil-bearing layers a substantial quantity of water having various physicochemical and microbiological properties. As a result, the oxidative processes in the residual oil are characterized by increasing the share of polycyclic fragments and oxidative groups. From this follow differences in the quality and structure of reserved and solvation shells. To optimize the process of preparing it is appropriate to apply physical and mathematical modeling. It is suggested to usethe characteristic wave equation asthe basic modeling equation

Current perspectives on social mapping of urban territories

© 2015 Canadian Center of Science and Education. All rights reserved. The article provides insights on the conceptualization of social mapping and its three main types: statistical, anthropological and network-oriented. Each perspective is described in detail and illustrated by examples. Artificial Neuron Networks with a particular interest to self-organizing maps are embedded in the analysis as a cutting-edge technique of social mapping now actively used by interdisciplinary researchers. The authors argue that despite the variety of social mapping techniques, they all have common features such as ordering and grouping of objects based on particular framework and empirical data, flexibility, visibility, citizens’ engagement on developing maps. Along with advantages, authors acknowledge such limitations of social mapping as data exclusion, data scale incompatibility and complexity of datasets that are beyond the cognitive abilities of the analyst

Testing the model of information system of innovative management in education

© 2015, Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. All rights reserved. The work presents the results of testing the model of information system of innovative management in education on the example of Institute of Economics, Management and Law (Kazan) based on transactional approach, taking into account the classical theory of transaction costs. Classifications of transaction costs, most applicable in corporate hierarchies, are used. Special emphasis is made on the descriptions of economic effects of the information system implementation in an educational establishment

ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEMS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES AND THEIR APPROBATION

Monitoring and evaluating the quality of digitalization of the socio-economic environment at both thenational and regional levels, contribute to an understanding of the potential for its sustainable and competitive development as part of the global economy entering the wake of the digital transformation of economic processes. In this regard, studies aimed at studying such issues are very relevant and significant for modern science and practice. The article proposes an algorithm for measuring the level of development of the content elements of the digital economy in the regions of the Russian Federation. A distinctive aspect of the proposed algorithm is the orientation of the developed tools to study the five main directions of digitalization, defined by the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 28, 2017 (No. 1632-r): regulatory regulation, personnel for the digital economy, formation of research competencies and technological foundations, information infrastructure, information security. Based on the results of the study, the main qualitative and quantitative characteristics have been identified, that assess the development of the digital economy in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation at the present stage of development; a toolkit has been offered, that allows you to determine key areas of regional policy aimed at intensifying the processes of digitalization of business processes

The theory of reputation economy as a new paradigm for the study of the region economic potential

The modern economy with all the variety of its structural elements, which every year is increasingly immersed in a hyper-connected digital space, new conditions of institutional functioning caused by both a change in technological patterns and innovative forms of thinking, needs to adjust the basic, established principles and models of economic growth. If earlier the material productive factors was played a key role, today their importance is to some extent offset by the increasing role of non-material factors of production, the most important of which should include reputation capital. The purpose of the article is to comprehend and theoretically support this scientific problem. The need to revise some principles of building models of economic dynamics and strategic management of the region based on the use and revision of structural, logical and evolutionary views on the construction of this process is substantiated in the article. Based on the results of systematization of the evolution of methodological approaches to assessing the effectiveness of regional socio-economic development of territories / regions, the position is substantiated, according to which, in modern economic conditions, the effectiveness of territorial development should be based on research and strengthening of reputation capital

Фасциолез и гиподерматоз крупного рогатого скота в условиях Калужской области

Objective of research: The study on the prevalence of fascioliasis and hypodermatosis in cattle from agricultural farms of different forms of ownership (Joint-Stock Companies, Ltd., private farms) in the Kaluga region. Materials and methods: The infection with fascioles was determined by examination of animals of different ages (which were previously in pasture) in the stall period not earlier than December and up to the beginning of the grazing season. The method of subsequent washings and the method of Vysniauskas were the main research methods used at the Station for Animal Diseases of the Ferzikovsky district of Kaluga and at the All Russian Scientific Research Institute of Helminthology named after K.I. Skryabin. Examinations were carried out once a month on 20 animals of different age groups: offspring under 1 year, offspring under 2 years, heifers, first and second first and second calving cows, third calving cows and older. During examinations, besides fascioles and their eggs, cestode and gastrointestinal nematode eggs as well as coccidia oocysts were calculated. Together with the veterinary service of slaughtering and meat processing plants, we conducted dissection of livers, calculated the number of young and adult flukes. We experienced no problems with their determination. Adult flukes (length of 2-3 cm, width of 1cm) parasitize biliary ducts of the liver. Young flukes were found more often in the bile ducts had the length of 0,5-1,2 cm. During dissection of the liver, flukes were collected with forceps to Petri dishes with physiological salt solution, and then adult and young flukes were identified. 461 head of cattle, which were previously in pasture, were dissected and investigated in 2013 in the Kaluga region to determine Fasciola infection. We studied calves from two years and cows up to 7 years of age. Dissections were conducted quarterly in January, April, July and November. To determine the invasion of cattle from the above mentioned farms with larvae of Hypoderma bovis, 150, 100, 50 and 20 animals of different ages (from 1,5 to 7 years) received in autumn no preventive treatment over two years upon agreement with the State Veterinary Service of the Kaluga region and the Station for Animal Diseases of Ferzikovsky district. Levels of infection (EI, II) in animals were estimated in spring (April-May) of the following year. After discussing of the results, animals were treated with the preparation recommended against hypodermatosis. Analysis of experimental data by the method of Plohinsky N.A. was conducted. Results and discussion: The highest extensity of infection was detected in the JV «Iskra». 186 animals of different ages which were previously in pasture were examined; 95 (51,1%) were infected. The average number of Fasciola eggs in 1g of feces was 176,4 ind. In the second farm «Ferzikovsky Ltd.» 153 animals of different ages which were previously in pasture were examined by the methods of coproscopy; 63 of them were infected with Fasciola spp.; extensity of infection was 41,2%. The average number of Fasciola eggs in 1 g of feces was 29,2 ind. In both farms the average extensity of infection was 46,1%, while the average number of Fasciola eggs in 1g of feces was 152,3. In peasant farm economy of Kopylov A.S. 114 animals which were previously in pasture were examined in different time periods; 36 of them were infected with Fasciola spp.; EI was 31,5%; the average number of Fasciola eggs in 1 g of feces was 105,2. On average 115 animals of different ages were examined and dissected each four months; 40 of them were infected; EI was 34,8%. The average number of flukes in each infected animal was 32,1 ind.; 25,2 ind. in imaginal and 6,9 ind. in pre-imaginal stage. The highest IE (40,5%) and II (38,4 ind/head) were determined in November. The average number of flukes for each infected animal was was 38,4 including 23 adult flukes 15,4 young (pre-imaginal). Our research revealed that all year round liver, gall bladder, and bile ducts are mostly infected with adult flukes. According to the results of our research the average EI was 34,8%, the average II was 32,1 ind./head. The short analysis revealed that in four above mentioned farms of the Kaluga region, totally 220 animals which were previously in pasture were examined; 12 of them were infected with warble fly larvae; average EI was 5,3%, and the average number of warble fly larvae was 5,5 ind./head.Цель исследования - изучение распространения фасциолеза и гиподерматоза крупного рогатого скота в хозяйствах разной форм собственности Калужской области. Материалы и методы. Распространение фасциолеза и гиподерматоза крупного рогатого скота изучали в хозяйствах разной форм собственности - АО, ОАО, ФКХ и личные подворья граждан в условиях Калужской области. Инвазированность фасциолами устанавливали путем обследования выпасавшихся на пастбище животных разного возраста в стойловый период не ранее декабря и до начала пастбищного сезона. Основными методами исследований были копроскопические: метод последовательных промываний и Вишняускаса, в лабораториях станций по борьбе с болезнями животных Ферзиковского района, г Калуги и ВНИИП им. К.И. Скрябина. Обследования проводили один раз в месяц по 20 животных разных возрастных групп: молодняк до 1 года, молодняк до 2-х лет, нетели, коровы 1-2 отелов, коровы 3-го отела и старше. Кроме фасциол и их яиц при исследованиях попутно учитывали наличие яиц цестод и нематод желудочно-кишечного тракта, а также ооцист кокцидий. Совместно с ветслужбой мясокомбинатов и убойных пунктов проводили вскрытие печеней, подсчитывали количество молодых и взрослых фасциол. Больших затруднений при их дифференциации не испытывали. Поскольку половозрелые стадии фасциол Fasciola hepatica паразитируют в желчных ходах печени, имеют длину 2-3 см, ширину 1 см. Молодых фасциол наиболее часто находили в желчных протоках, их длина 0,5-1,2 см. При вскрытии печени убойных животных фасциол собирали пинцетом в чашки Петри с физиологическим раствором, затем дифференцировали на имаго и молодые формы. Для установления зараженности убойного крупного рогатого скота фасциолами в условиях Калужской области в течение 2013 года было осмотрено и подвергнуто вскрытию 461 голов крупного рогатого скота, которые ранее пользовались пастбищами. Их возраст от двух лет у молодняка и до 7 лет у коров. Вскрытия для установления зараженности убойного скота фасциолами проводили ежеквартально в январе, апреле, июле и ноябре. Для установления зараженности крупного рогатого скота личинками подкожного овода Hypoderma bovis в отмеченных хозяйствах по согласования с Госветслужбой области (КВ-Комитет ветеринарии) и Ферзиковского (СББЖ-станция по борьбе с болезнями животных) района ежегодно в течение двух лет оставляли 150, 100, 50 и 20 животных без осенней профилактической обработки (животных разного возраста - от 1,5 до 7 лет). Оценку зараженности (ЭИ, ИИ) животных проводили весной в апреле - мае следующего года. После читки результатов, по показаниям, животных обрабатывали противогиподерматозным рекомендованным препаратом. Полученные в ходе изучения распространения отмеченных инвазий экспериментальные данные были подвергнуты статистическому анализу по методике Н.А. Плохинского (1948) с установлением их значимости. Результаты и обсуждения. Наибольшая экстенсивность фасциолезной инвазии установлена в АО «Искра». При обследовании 186 животных разного возраста, ранее выпасавшихся, инвазированными оказались 95, что составляет 51,1%. Среднее количество яиц фасциол в 1 г фекалий равнялось 176,4 экземпляра. Второе хозяйство, где проводили систематические исследования - ОАО «Ферзиковский». В этом хозяйстве всего было обследовано ранее отмеченными методами копроскопии 153 ранее выпасавшихся животных разного возраста, из которых 63 оказались инвазированными фасциолами, экстенсинвазированность (ЭИ) составила 41,2%. А среднее количество яиц фасциол в 1 г фекалий составило 129,2 экземляра. По эти двум хозяйствам, которые имели сходную технологию производства и одинаковые пастбищные угодья с заболоченными участками средняя ЭИ составила 46,1%, тогда как среднее количество яиц фасциол в 1 г фекалий по двум хозяйствам равнялось 152,3 экземпляра. Из фермерско-крестьянского хозяйства Копылова А.С. в разное время всего было обследовано 114 ранее выпасавшийся крупный рогатый скот, и 36 из которых были заражены фасциолами, ЭИ равнялось 31,5%, при среднем количестве яиц фасциол в 1 г фекалий - 105,2 экземпляра. Проведенные нами ежеквартальные вскрытия убойных животных дали объективную информацию по зараженности убойного крупного рогатого скота разного возраста фасциолами, которые тоже оказались имагинальными и преимагинальными. В среднем за каждый квартал было осмотрено и подвергнуто вскрытию 115 животных разного возраста, из них оказались инвазированными фасциолами 40, экстенсивность фасциолезной инвазии равнялась 34,8%. При вскрытии отмеченного поголовья среднее количество фасциол на одно зараженное животное составило 32,1 экземпляра, в числе которых имагинальные 25,2 экземпляра и преимагинальные 6,9 экземпляра. Наибольшая экстенсивность (ЭИ-40,5%) и интенсивность (38,4 экз./голову) фасциолезной инвазии была установлена при вскрытии в ноябре. Среднее количество фасциол на одно зараженное животное составило 38,4 экземпляра, в числе которых взрослые 23 экз. и молодые (преимагинальные) 15,4 экземпляра. Проведенные нами исследования при проведении ветеринарно-санитарной экспертизы и гельминтологическом вскрытии печени, желчного пузыря и желчных потоков показали их круглогодичную инвазированность фасциолами преимущественно в имагинальной стадии. По результатам проведенных исследований средняя экстенсивность фасциолезной инвазии равнялась 34,8%, средняя интенсивность фасциолезной инвазии составила 32,1 экз. на одно зараженное животное. В отношении зараженности крупного рогатого скота гиподерматозом следует отметить, что данная инвазия под строгим контролем и в хозяйствах, где планами профилактических противоэпизоотических мероприятий охвачено все поголовье, инвазия практически отсутствует. В группах животных, которые по договоренности с ветеринарной службой оставались без осенней профилактической обработки, имело место наличие определенного количества личинок подкожного овода. Из краткого анализа вытекает, что по четырём рассмотренным выше категориям хозяйств Калужской области, всего было под наблюдением и подвергнуто обследованию 220 животных, которые ранее выпасались, 12 из которых были инвазированы личинками подкожного овода, средняя ЭИ составила 5,3%, а среднее количество личинок подкожного овода на 1 зараженное животное составило 5,5 экз./голову

FORMALIZED EVALUATION OF SCENARIO DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY IN TERMS OF PENETRATION OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FINANCIAL SECTOR

In the coming years, blockchain technologies may become one of the breakthrough innovations in the financial sector of the economy, optimizing and simplifying transaction operations in a number of areas, reducing their cost. Having a very significant potential for transforming the established algorithms for the interaction of financial market participants, it is important to understand what are the boundaries of these changes, what new opportunities are presented by blockchain technologies and, finally, what are the expected consequences for the development of the financial sector itself and the other sectors of the national economic system associated with it. In this regard, important and urgent task is to minimize risks for financial and other organizations in the face of impending opportunities and threats under the pressure of the process of integrating blockchain platforms into the economic environment. This research is devoted to the solution of the issues posed. The most important component of the paper is the proposed methodological toolkit, which allows you to identify in a formalized form the patterns and relationships between the level of penetration of blockchain technologies into the financial environment and the dynamics of gross domestic product ( GDP)

The impact of competition on regional food security (the case of the milk and dairy market in the republic of Tatarstan)

Regional food markets are important structural elements of the national market. Development of the market environment is one of the key methods of stimulating food production. As the agro-industrial policy changes its focus from import substitution towards export-oriented production, the role of competition in the agricultural sphere becomes particularly prominent. The authors propose a new indicator characterizing the level of concentration of producers on the market – the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) for the share of gross profit of economic entities. This article is aimed at giving a theoretical justification of this approach and at providing practical recommendations for the development of regional food markets based on the regulation of food producer concentration levels. Multi-dimensional statistical calculations were used to test the hypothesis that the development of large economic entities (including monopolies) has a positive impact on the affordability and accessibility of locally produced foods. The authors measured the strength of the correlation between the socio-economic indicators that affect regional food security by using the case of the milk and dairy market in the Republic of Tatarstan. The proposed methodology is based on the decision matrix method applied to analyze the situation in local food markets, which gives us a better understanding of the situation in the whole region regarding the accessibility and affordability of foods. The correlation-regression analysis enabled us to integrate the indicators that show the impact of competition on affordability of foods with those that show the impact of producers’ efficiency on accessibility of foods in the region. The proposed approach considers profitability of economic entities, accessibility of foods and competition on the producer market and can thus be used to enhance food security by revealing the optimal priority areas for governmental policies and programs on the national, regional and local levels